A Control System For A Power Plant Research Paper

A Control System For A Power Plant - Research Paper Example In some pressurized water reactors, distinctive control rods are used to facilitate the core to withstand a low level of power proficiently (Levine, 1999). Coolant. A liquid flowing inside the core so as to transmit the heat from it.   In light water reactors, the water mediator functions also as a major coolant. Except in boiling water reactors, there is subordinate coolant circuit where the water is changed into steam. Pressure vessel or pressure tubes. Normally, a strong steel vessel enclosing the reactor core and the coolant, but a series of tubes holding the fuel and transmitting the coolant through the adjacent moderator may be used. This has helped in the yielding of electricity that enhances other types that are costly and seasonal (Lee, 2004). Steam generator. Part of the cooling compartment where the high-pressure basic coolant taking heat from the reactor is incorporated to make steam for the turbine, in an adjacent circuit. Basically, a heat exchanger like a motor vehicle radiator. Reactors may have up to four coils, each with a steam generator.   Containment. The organization around the reactor and related steam generators which is intended to protect it from outside interruption and to protect those outside from the impacts of radiation in case of any crucial fault inside. It is usually a meter thick steel and concrete structure. Powering a nuclear plant reactor: Most reactors need to be turned off for refueling, so that the pressure tubes can be opened up. In this case, topping up is at intervals of 1-2 years, when a 1/4 to a 1/3 of the fuel assemblies are changed with fresh ones. In case graphite or water is used as a coolant, it is possible to drive a power reactor on natural instead of impure uranium. Natural uranium has the similar elemental build-up as when it was mined, while impure uranium has

Environmental Audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Audit - Essay Example This paper is focused upon environmental audit and how important it is for an organization. It would elaborate on the environmental policies of 3M. Moreover it would shed light upon how 3M followed sustainable practices. Discussion Anything that impinges on the firm can be included in the environment. The environment is not stable; in fact, it is increasingly turbulent due to the era of change and uncertainty in which we live. Changes are happening faster and faster, requiring continual response on the part of businesses. Thereby, it is becoming increasingly imperative for companies to carry out feasibility studies and environmental audits to assess the nature of the new market and plan the strategies accordingly. Environmental audit is the process by which the company’s environmental performance is tested based upon the various environmental policies and strategies that are implemented. The environmental policies and objectives of an organization are clearly stated and docume nted even if they are not followed as rigorously. The audit is carried out based on tests that study the documentation, the policies, work manuals and other material, observation of work practices, and other tests that ensure compliance to the policies and legal requirements. According to the International Chamber of Commerce environmental audit is defined as â€Å"a management tool that ensures a methodical, documented, regular and objective assessment of how an organization is performing in its aims to maintain and protect the environment through controlling management of environmental practices and evaluating the conformity with the policies of the company† (Environmental Auditing, 2004) Environmental audit is a done in a structured and organized manner in order to manage environmental and sustainability issues. It must be supported through the documentation so that verification and validation is carried out effectively at any point in time. The purpose and idea behind an environmental audit is to assess the performance of an organization in terms of its environmental management and equipment. There are various types of environmental audits including environmental management audit, environmental compliance audit, environmental assessment audit, waste audits, environmental due diligence audits and supplier audits. I formerly worked at 3M US which is one of the top companies when it comes to environmental sustainability. It has been at the forefront from the beginning when it comes to adopting programs and policies to ensure environmental protection, social responsibility and economic vitality. The legal structure of the US also has influence over the companies and ensures that environmental policies that are stated are properly followed and implemented. The environmental protection agency (EPA) had strong compliance and conformity principles. At 3M the environmental audit is conducted by the company’s lawyers. The information of the audit is ke pt confidential and not issued until court orders are received. The approach of audit is been changed by the USEPA to go towards ‘self-policing’. Self audit is considered a better option as it allows the companies to reduce any potential legal costs by a great amount. 3M had high regards for sustainability and gave precedence to the sustainable practices. The sustainable practices policies of 3M were in line with the overall corporate policies and values. 3M

Social psychological principles of prejudice and attitudes

Social psychological principles of prejudice and attitudes Many people believe prejudice and discrimination mean the same thing .In fact there is a very important difference between them. Prejudice is an attitude, whereas discrimination refers to the behaviour or action. If someone dislikes a given minority, but does not allow this dislike to effect their behaviour then the person shows prejudice but not discrimination. According to Baron and Byrne (1991) prejudice is an attitude towards the member of some group based solely on their membership in that group. In contrast discrimination involves negative action directed at the member of the group. Allport (1954) argued that there are five different stages of discrimination. Anti-location: Verbal attacks are directed against some other group. Avoidance: the other group is systematically avoided. Discrimination: the other group is deliberately treated less well than other groups in term of civil rights. Physical attack: Membership of the other group are attacked and their property is destroyed. Extermination: there are deliberate attempts to kill all members of the other group. The word prejudice can be broken down in to pre (meaning before) and judice (meaning judgement). Therefore to be prejudice towards an individual or group shows a pre-judge of that individual or group. There are three elements to prejudice. Cognitive element: This involves the beliefs held about the group. These beliefs will be in the form of stereotyping, common but over simple views of what particular groups of people are like. The affective element: This involves the feelings experienced in response to the group. If we are prejudiced against a group we may experience anger, fear, hate or disgust when we encounter a member of that group. The behavioural element: This consists of our actions toward the object of our prejudice. Behaving differently towards people based on their membership of a group is called discrimination. Our actions against members of a group against which we hold a prejudice can rang from avoidance and verbal criticism to mass extermination. Psychological approach to explain prejudice falls in to two broad areas. Social approach centres on the social factors that contribute to prejudice in general. Whereas individual differences approaches centres on what factors make some people more prone to prejudice. Tajel and Turner (1979) proposed the social identity theory. This theory is one of a group of theoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s that share the assumption that prejudice can be explained by our tendency to identify ourselves as part of a group and to classify other people as either within or outside that group. Tajfel and Turner carried out a number of laboratory experiment called the minimal group Tajfel (1970) carried out an experiment to look at intergroup discrimination. To test his theory sixty four schoolboys aged between 14 and 15 year old were selected. The participants were initially informed that the experiment was research investigating vision. The boys were shown clusters of dots on a screen and asked to estimate the number of dots on the picture. The participants were then divided in to two groups group A and group B. Group A was classified as boys that had underestimated the amount of dots and group B was those boys who had overestimated the amount of dots. The boys were then given a number of tasks in which they would allocate points to each other. Each boy did not know who they were allocating points to but they did know which group the boy belonged to three conditions were used as part of this experiment condition one the choice was between two boys from group A the second condition was two boys from group B and the last condition used one boy from each group. What Tajfel identified as part of this research was that the boys overwhelmingly chose to allocate points to the boys who had been indentified as in the same group as themselves. Despite the fact that there was no direct competition between the two groups the participants consistently displayed favouritism towards the boys from the same group. Ellis and Fox (2001) also carried out research in to prejudice and discrimination looking effect of self-identification sexual orientation on helping behaviour. This research involves 235 British men and women were telephone at home. The caller explained that they had dialled the wrong number and that they had no more change to make a further call and asked if the participant would relay a message to the callerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s partner. In the experimental condition the callers partner was identified as the same sex as the caller, and in the controlled condition they were identified as the opposite sex. The finding shoed that overall both gay man and lesbians were less likely to receive help than heterosexuals. Women were also more to receive help than men. The final conclusion to the research showed that people were less likely to offer help to a gay men who found themselves in difficulty. This showed prejudice and discrimination towards gay men. When discussing prejudice or discrimination, stereotyping also needs to be examined Stewart et al. (1979) described stereotyping as a process not only used to simplify environmental and social stimuli, but one that also aids the construction of meaning to those stimuli based on attribution expectations. Whereas Taguirs (1969) defined stereotyping as the tendency to place a person in a category according to some easily and quickly identifiable characteristic such as age, sex, ethic membership, nationality or occupation, and then to attribute to them qualities believed to be typical of a member of that category. Stereotypes seem to provide a simple and economical; way of perceiving the world. In the late 1800s male Chinese immigrants were brought to the U.S. to work on the railroads and as agricultural labours on the West Coast many specialized in laundry services. Some came willingly others were basically kidnapped and brought forcibly. After the transcontinental railroad was completed and it occurred to white Americans that the Chinese workers were still around and might compete with them for jobs, a wave of anti-Chinese sentiment swept the U.S. Chinese men were stereotyped as degenerate heroin addicts whose presence encouraged prostitution, gambling, and other immoral activities. Since most Chinese immigrants were brought here specifically as workers, the vast majority were male few at that time were able to bring their wives. A number of cities on the West Coast experienced riots in which whites attacked Asians and destroyed Chinese sections of town. The Seattle riot resulted in practically the entire Chinese population being rounded up and forcibly sent to San Franci sco. Similar situations in other towns encouraged Chinese workers scattered throughout the West to relocate, leading to the growth of Chinatowns in a few larger cities on the West Coast. Ac cording to Buchanan (2007) many researchers have argued that prejudice is part of human nature and that the only by confronting our authentic nature can we gain real insight into the forces that drive group conflict and learn how we might better manage and defuse such urges. Probable the first formal proposal of a set of social psychological principles for reducing prejudice was from Allportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1954) Contact hypothesis. Prejudice may be reduced by equal status contact between majority and the minority groups in the pursuit of common goals. When people are segregated they are more likely to experience autistic hostility, that is ignorance of other which in turn results in a failure to understand the reason for their actions Lack of contact means there is no reality testing against which to checking our own interpretation of others behaviour, and in turn can enforce negative stereotyping.

Bitterness in Faulkners A Rose For Emily :: A Rose For Emily, William Faulkner

Essay a rose for Emily In William Faulkner's short story "A Rose for Emily," Emily's lack of social skills, exclusiveness and bitterness display Emily's refusal to adapt to the present. In the short story "A Rose for Emily", Emily displays her lack of social skills when the other ladies in the story try to call for her and she refuses to see them. Emily was not very social with the other towns? people. When the town gets the mail system for free, Emily refuses to let the towns? people put a mail box or postal number letters outside of her home. Emily was very unsocial. Emily never left the house much, she would have everything she needed brought to the house for her. She portrays her refusal to adapt to the present by not keeping up with the new mailing system and by refusing to pay taxes. She wanted to keep everything how it was when her father was alive. Emily was not willing to accept the new changes in her life, she wanted to live in the past where she was comfortable. Emily is very excluded from the rest of the town. Emily hardly ever came out of her house and refused to let anyone in on her life. Emily displays her refusal to adapt to the present by not wanting to let anyone in when her father passed on because she believed that he was still alive. Emily was very close to her father and when he passed on it was hard for her to adapt to the present. Emily never left the house much that her father left her, and when she did she did not talk to anyone at all. Emily was very private with her life, she made sure that no one knew anything about her life. Emily portrays her refusal to adapt to the present by keeping herself very excluded from the present time. The people that lived in the town with her would have to ask her servant questions just to receive any information about her life at all. Emily did not even let the servant into her personal life, she kept all her thoughts and feelings very private from the rest of the world. After Emily?s father passed away, Emily became very bitter with the world. She refused to pay taxes to the town because her father had given a lot of money to the town.

Case of Aline Deneuve

Case of Aline DeNeuve This case Aline DeNeuve is written by Alvin Turner, from St. Catharine’s, Ontario, Canada. There are a lot of issues in this case. Aline talked with five random employees to secure their views on having another retreat and to take their opinion how effective was the previous retreat. The first employee she talked with was Heather. The main issue over here is mostly stereotypical and racial discrimination. Heather told she doesn’t like retreats. She also said that she was ignored to give a promotion six months ago by her supervisor Jack as she was Chinese, and that her supervisor doesn’t like foreigners.She also stated that the three day retreat held once a year won’t solve the anti-social atmosphere between the employees. This problem occurred because Heather was upset with Jack for the reason she was not promoted by him. Categorization is an OB concept which falls under stereotyping. This is a comparison process for social identity, and that comparison begins by categorizing people into different groups. Heather thought she was categorized by her supervisor Jack as she was from China. Homogenization is another OB concept that falls under stereotyping. It is a simplified process of comparing people in various groups.Here people tends to think that, people with in a group are very much similar to each other despite the fact that everyone is an individual and have their own different characteristics. Heather thought that jack was homogenization towards her as she belonged from China, and was from some kind of Chinese group. Heather also thought that Jack was discriminating towards her as she was a foreigner, and so didn’t give her a promotion. There were also internal attribution factors in Heather as she regularly took large numbers of sick days from work, for the reason she thought her supervisor was discriminating her.She also had fundamental attribution error. Fundamental attribution error is a bias, re fers to our tendency to see the person rather than the situation as the main cause of the person’s behaviour. Heather thinks that she is biased by her supervisor. These problems can be fixed in various ways by Heather. Awareness of perceptual biases is one of the ways her problems can be solved. Training on diversity awareness can lessen discrimination by making people aware of methodical discrimination as well as biases that occur through stereotyping. Awareness of perceptual biases can make people more watchful of their opinions and activities.Thus, Heather might have a better point of view about Jack, and might think more positively about the outcomes that come in real life. Another way of fixing her problem is by improving self-awareness. It is a more powerful way to minimize perceptual biases; it provides evidence that the individual’s own conduct and choices reflect these biases. Therefore Heather can have a better and positive view of what is happening in her su rroundings and how positively she can take them. However, Heather can have a conversation period with her supervisor and discuss all the matters that are bothering her.This might help her understand Jack in a better way and stop all kinds of problematic issues they have between each other. The second employee Aline talked with was Jack. Jack is the manager of marketing department. He did not want to attend the retreat. He was upset as he was not promoted to the director position. Jack thought that he was passed over because he was black. He suggested that the organization should invest more money in its security purposes as he thinks lot of employees are taking home office supplies. He also thought that the company should design a better job orientation and socialization program for the new employees.The problem over here was Jack thought that he didn’t get the promotion because he was black; he assumed that he was racially discriminated. He also made a very serious statement about other office employees, that they have been taking office supplies to their home. This to my thought was really offensive to other employees especially when he had no evidence to prove them. The only positive statement that I thought Jack made was having a better designed job orientation and socializing program for the new employees. This step would really help the new comers to get involved in various activities in an organization.In this part of the case I found two problems that took place with Jack. The first one was Jack thinking stereotypically about himself. His thinking was more of stereotypical because he thought he was racially discriminated in the organization and so was not given a promotion to the director position. The solution to this problem can be diversity awareness training. This training will help Jack to minimize discriminating thoughts in his mind. He also needs to improve his self-awareness in himself which will let him know what he thinks about himself .The second problem associated with Jack was accusing other employees of the organization, for taking office supplies to their home. This is a very serious offensive issue. To me Jack thinks like this because he is having some internal issues with his fellow employees. This can be fixed from the Johari Window model. It helps to get to a mutual understanding which eventually encourages disclosure of argument. Jack can also have a formal conversation with the organization’s promotion giving team to get to know why he wasn’t selected for the director position; this might really help him to get to know the real facts.The third employee Aline had a conversation with was June, manager of customer service. She was also not keen to attend the retreat as she thought that the previous one was a waste of time. She also doesn’t like her job anymore as it became too stressful for her. She also stated that the company kept on promising her that it will hire more customer serv ice representative, but haven’t hired anyone. She also mentioned that it is getting hard for her to maintain her marriage with such a stressful job beside. June also said that she got tired of answering customer’s silly questions.The first problem June had was shortage of customer service representative which made her working condition stressful. She can write a letter to the organization’s head stating the entire problem that she is facing and asking for an immediate solution. The fact that June’s marriage life is getting affected from her work life falls in an OB concept, work-life balance. People tend to lose control of their marriage life due to a stressful condition in their work life. This problem can be solved by the means of virtual work.She can request the company to work from her home instead of working in the office using information technology. This will let her to for work from the comfort of her home; allowing to have a better and balanced l ifestyle. Many survey came up with results that on an average, a person working in a call center works no more than two years. However, I think June should leave her current job and look for a better one, because doing something that she doesn’t like, won’t be productive for her or the company. Fourth employee Aline spoke with was Alison, supervisor of employee benefits and services.Alison also expressed disagreement in attending another retreat. She said that some male and female employees think that retreats are an opportunity for hitting on one another. She also mentioned that the company should develop a policy regarding inter-office dating. She also stated that the management is contributing to these factors by not taking actions to stop such behaviour in work place. As Alison has very strong views to her religion she is very unsatisfied with the kind of environment that goes in work place, because most religious views are strong and conservative.This is more of a n issue than a problem. This issue falls under categorical thinking, as religious views falls under a specific category. In this categorical thinking people tries to relate every possible action in the base of that category, as Alison did by judging most of the situation in religious views. To overcome this issue Alison can go through a behaviour modification session, it is also known as operant conditioning and reinforcement theory. It helps people understand that learning and visualising completely depends on the environment and the situation.The last employee Aline talked with was Richard. Richard said he will be pleased to attend a retreat because he always felt these types of ventures are a great way to improve interpersonal relationship and to socialize with senior management. Richard was the only employee amongst the five employees who had positive and inspiring attitude. There was no problem that I could find from this conversation. Instead he was more inspirational for the other employees. He is extroverted, as he seems more outgoing, sociable, and assertive. The organization should take a lot of immediate actions to resolve these problems.The company can encourage its employees to join on various training sessions on improving self-awareness, awareness of perceptual biases, meaning full interactions with one another in office environment, behaviour modification, etc. The company can set up free training sessions to help their employee learn the visuals of work life in a modified and better way. One of the best alternatives can be, giving new employees not only job training but also other training to keep office environment healthy and good. MD Samiul Karim Shaown A00355188 Micro Organizational Behaviour MGMT-2383-1C

Stranded activity

Would there be any laws to control how you lived, what right or freedoms you exercised, or what property you had? Why? There would have to be certain moral laws as to how to live on the Island. The majority of laws should still pertain despite the situation. No murder or stealing should definitely still apply. Freedoms and Rights should be very close to the U. S. Government as far as the freedom of speech, and religion. As far as property and the rights to own the property, there should be an agreement as to which property each errors owns and that what was built or created by that person is their property.These would be good laws to control how citizens live in a realistic way which would help arguments and discrimination in these areas. Realistically these laws would be broken though. Despite the fact that the majority of people do want to be civil and have an agreement on how to overcome and avoid issues, without an actual government it would be chaos. Government provides rules an d breaking them results in consequences, with no rules or consequences to actions, It makes it seem okay. It Is Important to establish laws and consequences of breaking them. ) Considering the key terms from this unit, what type or form of government would be best suited for your situation? Why? In this situation of being stranded, a Direct Democracy would be the best government in order for citizens to collectively vote and agree on problems. There still needs to be a government to keep everything together so an anarchy would not be a good idea. An Autocracy would be a bad idea as well because with one person governing there would be no regard to others opinions.With a Direct Democracy everyone has the ability to state their opinion without It being unfair or unreasonable because they all voted. 3) Would anyone have the right to govern you? Would you have the right to govern anyone else? Why? I believe if it was a mutual group decision on the issue then the group as a whole has the right to govern that person. I don't believe one person should be able to govern because that is Just one person's opinion and it is a biased decision.In the direct democracy that I believe the citizens on the stranded island should have, it would be more reasonable to have the group govern. In order to have a working and stable environment governing others is necessary but with fairness. 4) Would you have any rights? What might these rights be? Yes, I would have rights because everyone deserves to have them. Rights such as the right to build a home, rights to hunt and gather food as well as rights to vote for how 5)What might people who were stronger or smarter than others try to do? Why?The stronger or smarter people might try to create a dictatorship in order to have intro over others and to govern them for their own personal reasons. They might also try to effect the idea that everyone is equal and some citizens may be treated poorly and have their rights taken away. Rights suc h as owning property, and voting may be taken away. 6) What might the weaker or less worldly or wise try to do? Why? The weaker and less worldly would most likely give in to the opinions of others. In a direct democracy they might let others influence their votes in order to try to keep the peace.This is a good reason why it should not be a one man Job to govern, because the weaker may have trouble stating their own opinions. 7) What might life be like for everyone? Life for everyone no matter how their government is run would be hard. Not everyone is going to be happy with the decisions that the government will come to and that will always create conflict among the citizens. Learning how to fend on the island while still following the laws and morals would be difficult and in the situation many not obey these rules.